Late language emergence (LLE), commonly called 'late talking,' affects 10-20% of two-year-olds. While some late talkers eventually catch up on their own ('late bloomers'), recent research shows that natural catch-up rates are lower than previously thought—only about 6-19% fully catch up without intervention. Early evaluation and intervention provide the best outcomes and should not be delayed.
A child is considered a 'late talker' (or has late language emergence) when they have fewer than 50 words by age 2, or are not combining words by 24 months, despite having typical development in other areas such as motor skills, play skills, cognitive development, and social engagement.
The term 'late bloomer' refers to children who are late talkers but eventually catch up to peers without intervention. However, we cannot reliably predict at age 2 which children will catch up and which will continue to have difficulties. This uncertainty is exactly why early evaluation is so important.
For years, parents were often told to 'wait and see' because many late talkers catch up. However, recent research paints a more concerning picture and challenges the wisdom of waiting.
A 2025 research study found that among children with language delay aged 12-36 months, only 18.6% caught up in language comprehension, 12.4% in language expression, and only 5.9% showed catch-up in both domains. The researchers emphasized that 'early and individualized intervention are essential.'
Current clinical guidelines now strongly recommend immediate referral for evaluation rather than watchful waiting. The potential harm from waiting (missed developmental opportunities) outweighs the potential harm from early intervention (essentially none).
Research has identified some factors that help distinguish children who may catch up ('late bloomers') from those likely to have persistent difficulties. However, these are probabilities, not certainties—which is why evaluation is still recommended.
The brain is most plastic (adaptable) in the early years, making this the optimal time for intervention. Early intervention takes advantage of this neuroplasticity and can prevent secondary problems from developing.
Language delays that persist can affect many areas of development: social relationships, emotional regulation, pre-literacy skills, and later academic learning. Early intervention addresses these risks proactively.
Early intervention for late talkers typically involves parent coaching—teaching parents strategies to use throughout daily routines. This approach is highly effective because parents spend the most time with their child and can provide intensive language input naturally.
The strategies below are evidence-based approaches that support language development. While professional guidance is valuable, you can begin using these strategies immediately.
Gestures are a crucial bridge to language development. Children typically use gestures before words, and research shows that late talkers who use lots of gestures have better outcomes than those who don't.
Encouraging and modeling gestures does NOT delay speech—it supports communication development and often accelerates word learning.
Reading together is powerful for language development, but traditional 'reading the text' may not be ideal for late talkers. Interactive, conversation-based reading is most effective.
Current research and clinical guidelines recommend evaluation, not waiting. The 'wait and see' approach risks missing the optimal intervention window. Early intervention has no downside, but delay does.
Join your child in activities they enjoy. Language learning happens best during high-engagement moments when children are motivated and interested. Let them lead the play while you provide language input.
Encourage and respond to gestures—they're a bridge to language, not a replacement. Late talkers who use lots of gestures typically have better outcomes than those who don't.
Narrate daily routines like meals, baths, and getting dressed. These predictable routines are perfect for language learning because children hear the same words in meaningful contexts repeatedly.
Understanding typical speech and language development helps you know what to expect and when to seek help. Every child develops at their own pace—milestones represent ranges, not exact deadlines. Use these benchmarks as a guide, and remember that variation is normal. However, if you have concerns, trust your instincts and seek an evaluation.
Learn moreLanguage is the foundation for communication, learning, and social connection. It includes both understanding others (receptive language) and expressing yourself (expressive language). The first three years of life are the most critical period for language development when the brain is optimally wired to absorb language. Strong language skills are essential for reading, writing, academic success, and building relationships throughout life.
Learn moreBritish Columbia offers several publicly-funded programs supporting children's speech and language development. Understanding what's available—and how to access it—helps families get the support their children need. This page covers provincial funding programs, regional health authority services, and local organizations in BC.
Learn moreOur team is here to help. Book a free consultation to discuss your concerns and learn how we can support you or your child.